Recursive Modification of Directory Permissions

Files in Linux have set read, write, and execute permissions, separated into three categories, user, groups, and others.

This gives a great level of freedom on which user can run what kind of application, or whether the text content of a file can be read, or if a file can be written to. To change these permissions Linux provides us with a utility known as **chmod**, which is used to modify these said file permissions, and they can be set in various combinations, such as read-write, read-execute, and so on.

To continue, it is suggested to get a grasp of file permissions in Linux, and how to use **chmod** in the most basic scenarios.

chmod has a basic syntax as follows

chmod [OPTIONS] [MODE] [FILE]

Only one option above will be discussed in this post, the rest can be referred to over here.

The option we will discuss has the following ways of specification; **-R**/**--recursive**.

To continue first let us discuss **chmod** modes, and their notations.

**chmod** modes can be specified in two ways:

• Numeric notation
• Symbolic notation

Numeric Notation

Numeric notation takes the form of an octal number of 3 digits. The first digit specifies user permissions, the next group permissions, and the final permissions for other users/groups.

The octal digit can be broken into the sum of 3 digits: 4, 2, 1. The 4 specifies read, 2 write, and 1 is execute.

To summarize

Put simply, looking at the above table, we can see that for example a file with the permissions 775, specifies that both the owner user, and the group have all permissions, but everyone else is only allowed to only read, or execute the file.

Symbolic Notation

Symbolic notation takes the numeric notation and expands it a bit more. r for read, w for write, x for execute. And some keywords are used to specify who are we modifying the file for. u for a user, g for a group, o for others, and a for all (which is the default for no specifier mentioned). We can set exact user permissions using the = symbol, remove permissions with -, and add permissions with +.

For example, we want to set all with only an execute permission, we can run

chmod =x fileName

And say we want to specify file permission, which gives all permissions to users, and groups, but no write permission to others, we would run:

chmod =rx,ug+w fileName

The above options can be broken down to:

• **=rx**: Everyone (implicitly) is given a read and execute permission.
• **ug+w**: Users and groups are adding permission. The permission granted is the write (w) permission.

Now that we understand how to specify permissions, we can see how to recursively run the chmod program for all files within a directory.

The -R flag specifies that when the argument for the file is a directory, we are to recursively descend that directory, and modify the permission of every file, and directory that we can.

For example, say we have a directory that has all permissions set for every category of permissions in Linux, but we want to set the permission to be read, execute for the user, read for the group, and no permissions for others, we could manually modify every file in the directory, or we could use the -R flag.

Taking the above example, to make the changes specified above, we would run the following code snippet from our terminal:

chmod -R 540 test

The tutorial here discusses how to modify the file permissions on Linux recursively using **chmod** command, and the -R/--recursive flag.